(Here you will find answer keys for homework or quizzes as well as unedited responses on exams from your classmates)

 

QUIZ 1

 

1.  The Na/K ATPase pump is an example of how molecules are transferred across the phospholipid bilayer by the process of

            a.         simple diffusion

            b.         facilitated transport

            c.         secondary active transport

            d.         primary active transport

ANSWER:  d.

           

2.  If you placed one of your cheek cells (given: The ICF = 120 mM NaCl ) in a solution of 300 mM glucose, and you assume neither compound could permeate the PL bilayer, through the process of osmosis your cell would

            a.         crenate

            b.         lyse

            c.         be happy as a clam (normal cell volume)

            d.         cannot determine by the provided information

ANSWER:  a.

 

3.  The Na/K ATPase pump uses a method called __________________   __________________

or successive phosphorylation/dephosphorylation cycles to change its configuration and pump ions against their concentration gradients.

ANSWER:  Molecular Peristalsis

           

4.  T or F   (please circle)

 

If a cell has an electrical disturbance of at least 25 mV, it will always fire an action potential because of the ALL-or-NONE principle.

ANSWER:  F

 

5.  Which of the following physiological processes requires no ATP expenditure?

            a.         endocytosis

            b.         exocytosis

            c.         osmosis

            d.         facilitated diffusion

            e.         two of the above

ANSWER:  e.

 

6.  Which of the following organic molecules would be classified as a protein?

            a.         molecules that are formed from dehydration reactions

            b.         molecules that contain free fatty acids

            c.         molecules that are produced from peptide bond formations

            d.         steroids

            e.         DNA

            f.          glycogen

            g.         ketone bodies

ANSWER:  c.

7.  If a cell had the following ionic concentrations and permeabilities, about at what voltage would you predict an action potential would change polarity (peak of the action potential spike)?

HINT: You can decide whether to use Nernst or Goldman.

 

PK = 10

PNa = 10,000

Assume mammalian temperature of 37 degrees.

[K+]o = 40 mM

[K+]i = 365 mM

[Na+]o = 410 mM

[Na+]i = 55 mM

 

Please show all calculations.                          Answer: ______________________________

 

 

Ena = 60/+1 log [(410)/(55)] = 52.345 mV = 52 mV

 

 

 

 

 

8.  If the resting potential of the cell in #7 was -85 mV, at what voltage would this action potential begin to fire fully?     HINT: Threshold.

 

Absolute value of -85 mV + 52 mV = 137 mV * 0.15 = 20.55 mV, 21 mV

-85 + 21 = -64 mV is the Threshold voltage at which the AP will fire fully.

 

Please show all calculations.                          Answer: _________________________________

 

 

9.  Write one sentence describing the importance of the phospholipid bilayer for the physiologist =

ANSWER:  Many importances that you can list!!!

 

10.  T or F (please circle)

 

According to Fick’s Law of Diffusion, the diffusion rate or flux is greatest when the molecule to be transported has a high molecular weight and has to traverse a large cross sectional area.

ANSWER:  F

 

11.  If an action potential (AP) reaches threshold, where in the neuron will the AP “spike” be initiated?

            a.         the dendrite

            b.         the soma

            c.         the axon hillock

            d.         the synaptic terminals

            e.         the sodium/potassium ATPase pump

ANSWER:  c.

 

ANSWER KEY TO the First Hour Exam:

 

 

1a

2c

3a

4c

5e

6e

7d

8e

9b

10c

11a

12d

13b

14b

15c

16d

17c

18d

19c

20a

21c

22b

23c

24c

25e

26a

27d

28e

29c

30a

31d

32c

33d

34b

35d

36b

37c

38c

39a

40d

41a

42a

43a

44b

45a

46b

47a

48b

49b

50a

 

QUIZ 2

 

1.    Which of the following types of muscles are striated and involuntary?

a.                skeletal

b.               cardiac

c.                smooth

d.               b and c

e.                a and b

f.                none of the above

ANSWER:  b.

 

2.    A single muscle CELL is known as

a.                a sarcomere

b.               a myofibril

c.                one actin and one myosin filament

d.               a motor unit

e.                a muscle fiber

ANSWER:  e.

 

3.  Action potentials move perpendicular to the muscle fibers by entering the transverse tubules that are located where along the sarcomere?

a.                A band

b.               Z band

c.                M band

d.               I band

e.                Z and I bands

f.                A and I bands

ANSWER:  f. (e. on your key!)

 

4.    Which of the following “contractile proteins” functions to block the thick filament from accessing a binding site to form a cross bridge but does not physically bind calcium?

a.                actin

b.               troponin

c.                tropomysin

d.               tropoactin

e.                myosin

ANSWER:  c.

 

5.    In relation to skeletal muscle mechanics, during which phase of the twitch would calsequestrin have its highest activity?

a.                latency period

b.               contraction

c.                relaxation

d.               summation

e.                tetany

ANSWER:  c.

 

 

6.    T or F (please circle)

The white matter is responsible for integrating reflex activity using polysynaptic and monosynaptic connections of afferent and efferent neurons, respectively.

ANSWER:  F

 

7.    Which of the following does not mediate or assist in smooth muscle contraction of your arteries?

a.                inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate

b.               dense bodies

c.                troponin

d.               sarcoplasmic reticulum

e.                ALL are helpful in smooth muscle contraction

ANSWER:  c.

 

8.    During a skeletal muscle contraction, the length of the sarcomere shortens due to a decrease in size of ALL but which band?

a.                A band

b.               Z band

c.                H band

d.               I band

e.                All of the above will shorten

ANSWER:  a.

 

9.    If the cross bridge cycle was in a stage where there was no calcium, the orientation of the myosin head was at 90 degrees in relation to the tail of the molecule, and there was ATP available, then the muscle would be in which stage of contraction?

a.                the actin and myosin would be touching each other

b.               it would be in the power stroke

c.                actin and myosin would be detached and ATP would undergo hydrolysis

d.               it would be in a rigor mortis locked complex

ANSWER:  c.

 

10.    Which of the following activities is performed principally by the somatic nervous system?

a.                beating of your heart

b.               bowel movements

c.                running up the stairs

d.               swallowing

e.                breathing

ANSWER:  c.

 

11.    Which portion of the spinal column has emerging spinal nerves that would innervate the chest region?

a.                thoracic

b.               lumbar

c.                cervical

d.               pelvic

e.                dorsal root ganglion

ANSWER:  a.

 

Cardiac Practice Worksheet:

 

1.  T or F (please circle) The Law of LaPlace states that the stress on a vessel will decrease when the width of the smooth muscle running circumferentially around the blood vessel increases.

ANSWER:  T

 

2.  Which of the following type of muscle is neurogenic and has economical cross-bridge cycling due to phosphorylation of the myosin tail?

a.         pacemaker activity

b.         slow wave potentials

c.         single-unit smooth

d.         multi-unit smooth

ANSWER:  d.

 

3.  If blood was entering your RV too slowly, it would be attributed to a defect in which valve?

a.         tricuspid

b.         bicuspid

c.         mitral

d.         pulmonary semilunar

e.         aortic semilunar

ANSWER:  a.

 

4.  When blood moves from the left atria to the left ventricle

a.         it passed through the pulmonary semilunar

b.         the timing would be in register with the T wave

c.         the blood would be deoxygenated

d.         one would hear the S1 on the phonocardiogram

ANSWER:  b.

 

5.  What is stimulated to contract by an increase in oxygen that is taken in at the babys first breath and is only seen as a remnant or ligament in the adult?

 ________________   ___________________

ANSWER:  ductus arteriosis

 

6.  T or F (please circle)

Veins carry the greatest distribution of circulating blood flow.

ANSWER:  T

 

7. Smooth muscle uses which structure for contraction because it lacks sacromeres and Z lines?

            a.         intermediate filaments

            b.         dense bodies

            c.         myofibrils

            d.         troponin-Ca complex

            e.         phosphorylation of actin globules

ANSWER:  b.

 

8.  Which of the following exemplifies cardiac muscle?

a.         it lacks troponin

b.         it lacks T-tubules

c.         it is unstriated

d.         it is neurogenic not myogenic

e.         it uses both pools of calcium (from SR and ECF)

ANSWER:  e.

9.  If a physician was trying to hear the closure of the pulmonary semilunar they would

a.         be seeking an event that is aligned with the timing of the QRS spectrum

b.         be positioning the stethoscope at the left of the heart apex

c.         be seeking an event that occurs at the same time as the T wave

d.         be seeking an event that occurs when the atria repolarize

e.         find that the RV would be in systole

ANSWER:  c.

 

10.   If you measured your heart beat five times in six seconds, then you would be

a.         normal

b.         tachycardic

c.         bradycardic

d.         undergoing atrial flutter

e.         susceptible to first degree AV block

ANSWER:  c.

 

11.  Dr. D and a student, who will remain nameless, bump into each other at the Ocala Publix health monitoring machine early Sunday morning.  Dr. D ran there from her lab on campus (to practice for her hike in the Grand Canyon, of course!) while the student had just crawled out of bed, and just really wanted to get some breakfast, but then remembered the assignment.  Compute the difference in cardiac output between the two.  Assume they both have a 70 ml volume coming out of their LV with every beat.  Show all your work.

 

Dr. D.   = 120 bpm

student = 65 bpm

 

___________________________

 

CO of Dr. D.  = 120 beats/min x 70 ml/beat = 8400 ml/min or 8.4 L/min

CO of student = 65 beats/min x 70 ml/beat = 4550 ml/min or 4.6 L/min

Difference in CO = the delta or 8.4 – 4.6 = 3.8 L/min

 

12.  From your bp reading that you took over last weekend -

 

What is your bp reading? _____________ Using that value, what is your pulse pressure or PP?   ____________________ mm Hg

 

Using your computed PP, what is your mean arterial pressure or map?   _____________ mm Hg

 

(Show all your calculations here - )

 

I will use 140/90, which is the clinical level for hypertension. 

PP = 140 – 90 = 50 mm Hg

MAP = 90 + 1/3 (50) = 107 mm Hg

 

 

ANSWER KEY TO the Second Hour Exam:

 

 

1b

2d

3b

4c

5b

6d

7e

8e

9b

10e

11c

12b

13b

14c

15c

16e

17c

18c

19c

20c

21c

22e

23c

24c

25c

26a

27c

28d

29b

30e

31b

32a

33e

34b

35d

36b

37d

38e

39a

40d

41a

42a

43a

44b

45a

46a

47a

48a

49b

50a

 

QUIZ 3

 

1.    When carbon monoxide (CO)  associates with the respiratory pigment hemoglobin it is called

a.                oxyhemoglobin

b.               carbohemoglobin

c.                carbaminohemoglobin

d.               carboxyhemoglobin

e.                dioxyhemoglobin

ANSWER:  d. (NOTE:  the key has been updated for this question, you may see a change in your quiz grade, accordingly)

 

2.    When sampling the new planet Vena, scientists found that the total atmospheric pressure was 200 mm Hg and that Martians use the gas Wr to breath. Calculate the partial pressure for Wr on Vena if it comprises 14% of the atmosphere on the planet?   

a.         106 mm Hg

b.         28 mm Hg

c.         cannot be determined from the data provided

d.         214 mm Hg

e.         Martians don’t have lungs so PP doesn’t matter for them

ANSWER:  b.

 

3.    Which of the following cellular environments would promote an earlier dissociation of oxygen from hemoglobin (dump O2 sooner)?

a.                hypoventilation that caused increased ppCO₂

b.               severe body heat loss

c.                any condition inducing a left Bohr shift

d.               alkalinity

e.                a blood transfusion

ANSWER:  a.

 

4.    Carbon dioxide is transported back to the lungs in several forms, the most predominant being

a.                free, dissolved carbon dioxide

b.               bicarbonate

c.                HbCO2

d.               water

e.                carbonic acid

ANSWER:  b.

 

5.   If you had a TLC of 7L and the standard 0.8L reserve as your RV, could a VC be calculated?

If yes, make the calculation.

            a.         VC = 7.8L

            b.         VC = 6.2 L

            c.         You would need the amount of fresh air to compute the VC

            d.         You would need the amount of IRV and TV to compute VC

            e.         It is sex dependent so it cannot be determined

ANSWER:  b.

 

6.   If your patient weighed 100 kg and was bringing in 800 ml of fresh air with each breathe, what should be the level of vital capacity measured if their ERV was 1.4 L and their IRV was 3 L?

            a.         5.4 L

            b.         4.4 L

            c.         80 ml

            d.         5.2 L

            e.         2.4 L

ANSWER:  a.

 

7.   T or F (A = True, B = False) 

Air falls down pressure gradients during inspiration and expiration according to Haldene’s Law.

ANSWER:  b.

 

8.   Which lung disease can be attributed to the constriction of the bronchioles, causes air trapping (poor exhalation), has an elevated RV and normal TLC and a reduced VC, and can be treated using drugs that cause vasodilation?

a.         SIDS

b.         pulmonary fibrosis

c.         not a lung disease, but too little exercise

d.         asthma

e.         not a lung disease, but attributed to reduced elasticity of old age

ANSWER:  d.

 

            9.   Which of the following would you not find in the ultrafiltrate of the pct?

            a.         glucose

b.         K+

c.         hemoglobin

d.         free cellular material

e.         water

ANSWER:  c.

 

10.   T or F (A = True, B = False)  Humans have a larger proportion of juxtamedullary nephrons over that of cortical nephrons because they are surrounded by peritubular capillaries with long loops of Henle for efficient urine production.

            ANSWER:  b.

 

11.   How many molecules of oxygen bind Hb when it is fully saturated?

            a.         1

            b.         2

            c.         3

            d.         4

            e.         5

            ANSWER:  d.

 

Quiz 4

 

1. ________________________ is the process by which the myogenic properties of the smooth muscle in the afferent arterioles allow self regulation of blood pressure in the kidney.

            a.         autoregulation                       

            b.         glomerular filtration

            c.         net filtration pressure

            d.         podocytes

            e.         bowman’s hydrostatic pressure

ANSWER:  a.

 

2.  A patient with the following condition would produce the most urine?

            a.         kidney stones

            b.         hemorrhage

            c.         diarrhea

            d.         extensive burns

            e.         dehydration

ANSWER:  d.

 

3.  If you consumed a snicker’s bars and your blood contained 300 mg/100 ml (3 mg/ml) of glucose and your current GFR was 150 ml/min, given the known Tm of 375 mg/min, how much glucose will spill over into your urine?

            a.         450 mg/ml

            b.         0 mg/ml (the individual is at threshold, or Tm)

            c.         75 mg/ml

            d.         225 mg/ml

            e.         cannot be determined with the provided data

ANSWER:  c.

 

4.  Which of the following renal functions requires no energy?

            a.         countercurrent multiplication

            b.         K secretion in the dct

            c.         sodium reabsorption in the pct

            d.         autoregulation

            e.         glomerular filtration

ANSWER:  e.

 

5.  Water reabsorption is directly facilitated by

            a.         aldosterone

            b.         renin

            c.         erythropoietin

            d.         vasopressin

            e.         angiotensinogen

ANSWER:  d.

 

6.  ADH is released from the _____________________    __________________while aldosterone is released from the _________________________, yet both function similarly to bring low blood pressure and volume back to homeostatic checkpoint.

            a.         renal pelvis, atria

            b.         posterior pituitary, dct

            c.         dct, jga

            d.         posterior pituitary, adrenal cortex

            e.         dct, nucleus

ANSWER:  d.

 

7.  If you are retaining too much water and want to purge your bloatedness you could

            a.         increase angiotensin II

            b.         stimulate your granular cells

            c.         increase ANP

            d.         enhance ACE

            e.         two of the above

ANSWER:  c.

 

8.  Which of the following situations would require renal dialysis?

            a.         athletic pseudonephritis

            b.         hypertension

            c.         uremic blood, high K

            d.         hyperglycemia

            e.         production of less than 500 ml urine

ANSWER:  c.

 

9.  If you took a medication that disrupted the Na/K ATPase pump in your pct, what other processes of that region would be altered?

            a.         water reabsorption

            b.         blood urea nitrogen would be elevated

            c.         glucose transport

            d.         cAMP production

            e.         more than one of the above   

ANSWER:  e.

 

10.  T or F (True = a, False = b) All sections of the nephron are under strict hormonal control with exception of the loop of Henle.

ANSWER:  b.

 

11. Which renal acting hormone acts as a derepressor in the nucleus to create new protein synthesis of Na/K ATPase pumps?

            a.         ANP

            b.         ADH

            c.         renin

            d.         ACE

            e.         aldosterone

ANSWER:  e.